X-ray image intensification in ruminant physiology.

T h e general introduction of the X-ray image intensifier (11) over the last decade has opened up new possibilities for X-ray examination. The brightness of the 11, which is several thousand times higher than the conventional fluorescent screen, allows the image to be viewed in normal room lighting. If a television chain is connected, the operator has control over contrast and brightness to further enhance visualization of detail and the image can be stored electronically on magnetic tape or disc, or on an image storage tube. This increased brightness and detail allows photographic exposures of the output screen to be obtained with a radiation dose to the subject 5-10 times lower than that required for conventional radiography using intensifying screens. This, together with approximately a further one-third reduction in the continuous viewing dosage, is an important safety consideration (Gudden, Hofmann & Marhoff, 1972).